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Russian traveler Erofey Pavlovich Khabarov: biography, discoveries

Erofei Khabarov, whose brief biography will be examined further, made a huge contribution to the expansion of the country's territory. His fate and life was captured by the movement to the east of the state. Let us further consider how Khabarov Yerofei Pavlovich lived, what this man discovered, what achievements he made in history.

Place of Birth

The debate about him has been going on for a long time. The main birth places are called the village of Svyatitsa in the Vologdaemskaya volost, the village of Kurtsevo and Dmitrievo. The first is considered the most suitable option. The author of the theory that Khabarov Erofei was born in Dmitrievo was a scientist from Leningrad, Belov. He researched a lot of documents, on the basis of which he put forward a hypothesis. Considering the birthplace of the village of Dmitrievo (which now exists in the Nyuksensky district), the scientist did not take into account the fact that this settlement did not belong to the former administrative-territorial division to the Vologda Volost.

Erofei Khabarov: brief biography

The future businessman and traveler was a peasant. Erofei Khabarov (years of life and death 1603-1671) left his family and a fairly large farm, and, following other well-off and free - ranging grain farmers of the Vologda region, hunters and fishermen of Primorye, seeking adventures and wealth from the Don and the Volga, the Cossacks headed for the Stone Belt. All these people sought in the taiga region to the rivers in Eastern Siberia. So, the Russian explorer Yerofei Khabarov arrived in 1628 to the Yenisei. Here he quickly mastered the territory, began to engage in habitual farming, began trading. For a while Khabarov Yerofei served in Yeniseisk. Having made a march to Taimyr and Mangasee, together with his brother Nikifor he wanted to return to his family, near Veliky Ustyug. However, instead they went back to Siberia. They followed a crowd of Ustyug and Vologda settlers. People were persecuted by the tsar's decree, along with the women of Dvin. The latter were intended for the wife of the Lena and Yenisei streltsy. Khabarov Erofei did not become an agriculturist in Siberia. But he was very lucky in the trade. Soon he became a rich businessman. After the people heard a rumor about the riches on the banks of the Lena River, he gathered a detachment, received the necessary supplies from the treasury and went to a new place.

Jail

During the first seven years Khabarov Erofei roamed the tributaries of the river. Here he was engaged in fur trade. In 1639, he stopped at the mouth of Kuta. From the bottom of the lake, which was there, they beat small salt keys. Here, Khabarov Yerofei, a donkey, sowed a plot, built wells and varnitsa. He learned the simple technology of salvaging in his homeland - in Tot'ma, Ustyug and Soli Vychegodskaya. Soon the trade in salt, bread and other goods was developed here. In the spring of 1641 Khabarov Yerofei passed to the mouth of the Kirengi. Here, he also started a farm, which quickly expanded. Once he lent Golovin 3 thousand poods of bread. However, the voivode not only did not return what he had taken, but soon he took all the bread from Yerofey, transferred the salt varnit to the treasury, and threw Khabarov himself in jail. The entrepreneur was able to regain freedom only by the year 1645. However, everything that the Russian researcher Yerofei Pavlovich Khabarov was doing was left in the past.

Trekking to Dauria

In 1648, Franzbekov came to replace Golovin. Approximately at the same time, the expedition of Poyarkov to Dauria took place. However, contact with local residents was not very successful. Khabarov knew this. In addition, he had information from various people about the customs, wealth of Dauria. Yerofei Khabarov briefly summarized the information available to Franzbekov. He was counting on the fact that the new governor would not miss the chance to get rich. So the expedition of Yerofey Khabarov to Dauria took place. He had no means of his own, but the traveler already knew the mores of his superiors well enough. Franzbekov loaned state-owned weapons (several guns included) and military equipment, as well as agricultural implements. From the personal funds of the governor (at interest), all participants in the campaign received money. To ensure movement along the river, Franzbekov took away ships from Yakut industrialists. The voevoda also robbed them of bread in large enough quantity to supply the 70 Cossacks whom the Khabarov had gathered into the detachment.

Crossings

Khabarov, realizing that the illegal charges and larceny of the voivods could lead to trouble, in a short time spent the camps and left Yakutsk. In the autumn of 1649, his detachment was already moving up the rivers Lena and Olekma to the mouth of Tungir. During the freezing, the expedition made a stop. In January 1650 the detachment moved to the sledges and moved up the Tungir to the south. After passing spurs on Olemkinsky Stanovik, in the spring people reached Urk. After a while, there will be a railway station and a settlement (what is named after Yerofey Khabarov).

Development of territories

Dauri, after learning about the approach of the detachment, hastened to leave their settlements. So the Khabarists entered the first well-fortified, but by that time already empty city of Prince Lavka. Here the Cossacks saw large and light log houses. There were several hundred of them. The wide windows of the houses were covered with oiled paper. In each of them could live 50 or more people. There were also well-covered large pits. In them there were grain stocks. The next item, to which Yerofei Khabarov was going, is Cupid. On the way the detachment went into the same empty towns and settlements. As a result, in one of the villages the Cossacks discovered a woman. She was brought to Khabarov. She said that there was a country on the other side of the river, much richer and more than Dauria. In it was an influential ruler who had an army with guns and other weapons. The country, of which the woman spoke, was Manchuria.

New trip

In the "Lefkava Town" Khabarov left about 50 Cossacks. In the 1650s by the end of May he returned to Yakutsk. While on a hike, Khabarovsk compiled a drawing of Dauria. This card and a report on his trip were subsequently forwarded to Moscow. The drawing of the territory became one of the key sources used to create maps of Siberia in the 17th century. In Yakutsk, Khabarov again announced the recruitment to the detachment, saying everywhere and everywhere about the untold riches of the Daurian land. As a result, 110 people joined him. Franzbekov assigned 27 "servicemen" to them and supplied the detachment with three guns. By the autumn of 1650 Khabarov returned to the Amur.

Invasive campaigns

His detachment he found at the walls of the fortress Albazin. The Cossacks tried to storm it. Dauren, after seeing the new detachment, rushed to flee. But the Russians caught up with them, captured many prisoners. Khabarov made Albazin his base camp. From here he made attacks on the Daurian villages, located nearby, took prisoners. Among the hostages were women. Their Cossacks distributed among themselves.

Flotilla

In June 1651, the sailing began on the Amur. At first Cossacks saw only small settlements abandoned and burned by residents. However, a few days later Khabarova's fleet approached a well-fortified city. A whole Daursky garrison was preparing for defense. Thanks to the cannon fire, the Cossacks took the city. After capturing for several weeks, the detachment stood in the city. Khabarov dispatched messengers in all directions to persuade the Daurian princes to voluntarily go under the rule of the Russian tsar and pay the yasak. But the locals were then subjects of Manchuria. The Daurian princes saw no point in paying tribute to another ruler. The flotilla of Khabarova, having captured the horses, went further. Cossacks again encountered uncompressed arable land and deserted villages. According to sources, in August, just below the mouth of the Zeya River, the Russian detachment occupied the fortress without resistance, surrounded the neighboring settlement and forced local residents to recognize the citizenship of the tsar. Khabarov expected to receive a large tribute, but the captured could bring a few sables, promising that in the fall they will pay the yasak completely. At first glance peaceful relations were established between Cossacks and dauri. However, a few days later, the local residents left their homes with their families and left. Khabarov responded by burning the fortress and continued the march down the Amur. From the mouth of Bureia the territory populated with gogules began. It was a people related to the Manchus. The settlements were scattered and the locals could not resist the Cossacks who landed and plundered them. Also, grazing dyuchers were quickly captured, which at one time exterminated part of the detachment that had taken part in the Poyarkov campaign. Khabarov's people were better armed and there were many more.

Nanaian settlements

By the end of September, the detachment had reached new territories and stopped in a larger settlement. Half of the Cossacks Khabarov sent for fish up the river. Nanais, together with the duchers, taking advantage of this, attacked part of the detachment. However, local residents were defeated and, having lost more than a hundred people killed, retreated. Khabarov, in turn, strengthened the settlement, stayed there for the winter. From there, the Cossacks raided local settlements and collected yasak. In the spring of 1652, they were attacked by a large (about 1,000 people) Manchu detachment. But the attackers were defeated. Khabarov understood that his small squad would not be able to capture the whole country. As soon as the river opened, he left the little islands and went against the current.

Split unit

In June, just above the mouth of the river. Sungari Khabarov met the Russian auxiliary detachment. But despite this, he continued the retreat, because he learned that the Manchus had gathered against him a 6,000-strong army. In early August Khabarov stopped at the mouth of the river. Zei. There, part of the detachment of "hunting people" rebelled and, having captured three ships, fled. Moving along the Amur, they plundered and killed Nanais, daur and duchers. So they sailed to Gilyatskaya land and put a jail to collect yasak. However, Khabarov did not need rivals. In September, he reached this prison and fired at him. The rebellious people promised to surrender if they stay alive and they do not take their prey. Khabarov fulfilled this condition only partially. On his orders, the traitors were severely beaten (some to death), and he kept the booty.

The second wintering

Her Khabarov spent in Gilyatskaya land. By the spring of 1653 he returned to the mouth of Zeya, in Dauria. During the summer, his Cossacks swam down and up the Amur, collecting yasak. The left bank of the river, meanwhile, was empty. The authorities of Manchuria ordered residents to move to the right side. Russian king by that time sent an army of 3 thousand people, which commanded Lobanov-Rostovsky. However, before the vigilantes came the ambassador of Tsar Zinoviev. He brought Khabarov and other participants of the campaign a reward. Together with this, Zinoviev dismissed the ataman from further leadership. When Khabarov began to object, the ambassador beat him and drove him to Moscow. On the way, Zinoviev took everything he had from him.

After meeting with the king

Alexei Mikhailovich wished to see Khabarov. He gave him a good reception, ordering Zinoviev to return to the ataman all the property. Khabarova, the king granted the title of "boyar son". The Emperor appointed him a clerk of settlements in the territory from Lena to Ilim. In addition, Khabarov received several villages in Eastern Siberia. However, the king, knowing about the cruelty of the ataman to the native population, forbade him to return to the developed lands. The Emperor highly appreciated the contribution made to the expansion of the country's territory by Erofey Pavlovich Khabarov - which he discovered and mastered since that time is part of the state. Over time, a vast territory was formed in the Far East. Its administrative center is called Khabarovsk. In addition, the above was said about the railway station, which bears the name of this person. It should be said that this settlement exists today. In addition, the name of the ataman is named several small villages, streets in various cities of the country.

Place of burial

It is for certain unknown. According to sources, Khabarov spent his last years in Ust-Kireng. Now it is called the city of Kirensk (in the Irkutsk region). Therefore, it was widely believed that the place of death of the ataman was there. But, according to other sources, the grave of Khabarov was in the Bratsk prison (Bratsk, the same Irkutsk region).

Monument

It is installed in Khabarovsk (the administrative center of the province) on the station square. The sculpture, taken as the basis of the monument, was created by Milchin. Monument to Yerofei Khabarov was established on May 29, 1958. The decision to create the monument was taken five years before the 100th anniversary of the city. Work on sculpture began in the 1950s. It was small in size and exhibited at the All-Union Art Exhibition. When the question of the monument to Khabarov was decided, this sculpture was taken as the basis. As for the similarity, there can be no question of it. In the sources there are no images, not even descriptions of Khabarov's appearance. Work on the monument continued until February 1958 year. At that time, the plaster molds of the individual elements of the monument began to be cast. By mid-March the molding was completed. Finished elements sent to the suburbs (in Mytishchi) to an art foundry. The monument shows Khabarov ascending to the rock. Peering into the Amur distances, in his left hand he holds a scroll, and the right one supports the half-fur coat that slipped off his shoulder. On the front of the pedestal there is an inscription "Erofey Pavlovich Khabarov". The height of the figure is 4.5 m, the total height together with the pedestal is 11.5. The monument was built 2 days before the centenary of the city.

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