Personal life and biography of Tsiolkovsky Konstantin Eduardovich. Achievements and inventions of Tsiolkovsky

Biography Tsiolkovsky interesting not only from the standpoint of achievements, although they have this great scientist was a lot. Konstantin Eduardovich is known to many as a developer of the first model of a missile capable of flying into open space. In addition, he is a famous scientist in the field of aerostronautics, aerodynamics and aeronautics. It is a researcher of cosmos with a world name. Biography Tsiolkovsky is an example of persistence in achieving the goal. Even in the most difficult circumstances, he did not refuse to continue his scientific work.

Origin, childhood

Tsiolkovsky Konstantin Eduardovich (years of life - 1857-1935) was born on September 17, 1857 near Ryazan, in the village of Izhevskoye. However, he did not live long here. When he was 3 years old, Eduard Ignatyevich, the father of a future scientist, began to have difficulties in his service. Because of this, Tsiolkovsky's family moved to Ryazan in 1860.

Mother was engaged in the primary education of Constantine and his brothers. It was she who taught him to write and read, and also introduced the basics of arithmetic. "Tales" by Alexander Afanasyev - a book, according to which he learned to read Tsiolkovsky. His mother taught her son only the alphabet, and how to compose words from letters, Kostya guessed himself.

When the boy turned 9 years old, he caught a cold after sledging and fell ill with scarlet fever. The disease proceeded with a complication, as a result of which Konstantin Tsiolkovsky lost his hearing. Deaf Konstantin did not despair, did not lose interest in life. It was at this time that he began to get used to the skill. Tsiolkovsky liked to make different figures from paper.

Eduard Ignatievich in 1868 again remained without a job. The family moved to Vyatka. Here, the brothers helped Edward get a new position.

Education in the gymnasium, the death of a brother and mother

Constantine, along with Ignatius, his younger brother, in 1869 began to study in the male Vyatka gymnasium. With great difficulty, he was given studies - there were many subjects, and the teachers were strict. In addition, deafness greatly impeded the boy. By the same year, the death of Dmitry, the elder brother of Constantine, is included. She shocked the whole family, but most of all - her mother, Maria Ivanovna (photo above), which was very fond of Kostya. In 1870, she unexpectedly passed away.

The death of the mother shocked the boy. And before that, Tsiolkovsky, who was not brilliant with knowledge, began to learn worse. He began to feel more and more acute his deafness, because of which he became more and more isolated. It is known that Tsiolkovsky was often punished because of his antics, even got into the punishment cell. Konstantin in the second class stayed for the second year. And then, from the third class (in 1873), he was expelled. More Tsiolkovsky never studied anywhere. Since that time, he was engaged independently.

Self-education

It was then that Konstantin Eduardovich found a real vocation. The young man began to receive his education on his own. Books, unlike the teachers of the gymnasium, generously clothed Tsiolkovsky with knowledge and were never reproached. At the same time, Konstantin joined the scientific and technical creativity. Tsiolkovsky created a lathe in his home, as well as a number of other interesting inventions.

Life in Moscow

Edward Ignatievich, believing in his son's ability, decided to send him to Moscow, so that he entered the Higher Technical School (today it is MSTU named after Bauman). This happened in July 1873. However, Kostya did not enter the school for an unknown reason. He continued to study independently in Moscow. Tsiolkovsky lived very poorly, but he persistently strove for knowledge. He spent on appliances and books all the money he had received from his father.

The young man went to Chertkovo public library every day, where he studied science. Here he met with Nikolai Fedorovich Fedorov, the founder of Russian cosmism. This man replaced Constantine with university professors.

Tsiolkovsky studied physics in the first year of his life in Moscow, as well as the beginnings of mathematics. They were followed by integral and differential calculus, spherical and analytical geometry, higher algebra. Later Constantine studied mechanics, chemistry, astronomy. For 3 years he fully mastered the program of the gymnasium, as well as the main part of the university. Father by this time could no longer ensure the life of Tsiolkovsky in Moscow. Constantine returned home in the autumn of 1876, exhausted and weakened.

Private lessons

Hard work and difficult conditions led to poor eyesight. Tsiolkovsky began to wear glasses after returning home. Restoring strength, he began to give private lessons in mathematics and physics. After a while he no longer needed students, because he showed himself to be an excellent teacher. Tsiolkovsky used the methods he developed himself in the conduct of lessons, among which the most important was a demonstration. Tsiolkovsky made geometric models of polyhedra for geometry lessons , conducted experiments with physicists together with his students . This he earned the fame of the teacher, who explains the material clearly. The students loved Tsiolkovsky's classes, which were always interesting.

Death of a brother, successful passing of an exam

Ignatius, the younger brother of Constantine, died at the end of 1876. The brothers were very close since childhood, so his death was a great blow to Constantine. The family Tsiolkovsky in 1878 returned to Ryazan.

Constantine immediately after the visit passed the medical board, according to the results of which, due to deafness, he was released from military service. In order to continue working as a teacher, a confirmed qualification was required. And Tsiolkovsky coped with this task - in the autumn of 1879 he passed the exam externally in the First Provincial Gymnasium. Now officially became a teacher of mathematics Tsiolkovsky Konstantin Eduardovich.

Personal life

Constantine Tsiolkovsky in the summer of 1880 married the daughter of the owner of the room in which he lived. And in January 1881 Eduard Ignatievich died.

Children of Constantine Tsiolkovsky: daughter Love and three sons - Ignatius, Alexander and Ivan.

Work in Borovsky Uyezd School, the first scientific works

Konstantin Eduardovich worked in the Borovo Uyezd School as a teacher, while continuing research at home. He made drawings, worked on manuscripts, put experiments. His first work was written on the topic of mechanics in biology. Konstantin Eduardovich in 1881 created his first work, which can be considered truly scientific. It's about the "Theory of gases." However, later he learned from D.I. Mendeleyev, that the discovery of this theory took place 10 years ago. Tsiolkovsky, despite the failure, continued his studies.

Development of a balloon design

One of the main problems, which occupied him for a long time, was the theory of balloons. After a while, Tsiolkovsky realized that it was this task that should be paid attention. The scientist developed his own balloon design. The result was the work of Konstantin Eduardovich "Theory and experience of the balloon ..." (1885-86 gg.). In this work, the creation of a fundamentally new design of an airship with a thin metal shell was justified.

The fire in the house Tsiolkovsky

Biography Tsiolkovsky marked a tragic event that occurred April 23, 1887. On this day, he returned from Moscow after the report on his invention. It was then that a fire broke out in Tsiolkovsky's house. It burned models, manuscripts, a library, drawings and all the property of the family, except for the sewing machine (it was thrown into the yard through the window). It was a very hard blow for Tsiolkovsky. He expressed his feelings and thoughts in a manuscript entitled "Prayer."

Moving to Kaluga, new works and research

DS Unkovskii, director of public schools, on January 27, 1892, suggested that one of the "zealous" and "most capable" teachers be transferred to the Kaluga school. Here Konstantin Eduardovich lived until the end of his days. Since 1892, he worked at the Kaluga Uyezd School as a teacher of geometry and arithmetic. Since 1899, the scientist also taught physics in the women's diocesan school. Tsiolkovsky wrote in Kaluga his main works on the theory of jet propulsion, cosmonautics, space biology and medicine. In addition, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky continued to study the theory of metallic airship. The photo below is an image of a monument to this scientist in Moscow.

In 1921, after the completion of teaching, he was given a lifetime personal pension. From this time until his death, Tsiolkovsky's biography is marked by immersion in research, the implementation of projects, the dissemination of his ideas. He was no longer engaged in teaching.

The most difficult time

The heaviest for Tsiolkovsky were the first 15 years of the 20th century. Ignatius, his son, in 1902 committed suicide. In addition, in 1908, his house was flooded during the flood of the Oka River. Because of this, many cars and exhibits were put out of order, numerous unique calculations were lost.

First a fire, then a flood ... It seems that Konstantin Eduardovich was not friends with the elements. By the way, I remember the fire of 2001, which occurred on a Russian ship. The vessel, burning on July 13 this year, - "Constantine Tsiolkovsky", a motor ship. Fortunately, then no one died, but the ship itself was badly damaged. Inside, everything burned down, as in the fire in 1887, which survived Konstantin Tsiolkovsky.

His biography is marked by difficulties that would break many, but not the famous scholar. And his life after a while became easier. The Russian Society of Masters of World Science on June 5, 1919 made the scientist a member and appointed him a pension. This saved Konstantin Eduardovich from starving to death during a period of devastation, since the Socialist Academy did not accept him into his ranks on June 30, 1919, and left him without means of subsistence. The significance of the models presented by Tsiolkovsky was not appreciated in the Physicochemical Society. In 1923, Alexander, his second son, scores with life.

Recognition of party leadership

The Soviet authorities remembered Tsiolkovsky only in 1923, after G. Oberth, a German physicist, published publications on rocket engines and space flights. The conditions of life and work of Konstantin Eduardovich changed dramatically after this. The Party leadership of the USSR drew attention to such a prominent scientist as Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. His biography has long been marked by a number of achievements, but until some time they were not interested in the powerful of this world. And in 1923 the scientist was assigned a personal pension, provided conditions for fruitful activity. And on November 9, 1921 he was paid a pension and for his services to science. Tsiolkovsky received these funds until September 19, 1935. It was on this day that he died in Kaluga, which became his native Tsiolkovsky Konstantin Eduardovich.

Achievements

Tsiolkovsky proposed a number of ideas that found application in rocket engineering. These are the gas rudders, designed to control the flight of the rocket; The use of fuel components to cool the outer shell of the ship during the entry of the spacecraft into the earth's atmosphere, etc. As for the field of rocket fuels, Tsiolkovsky also showed himself here. He studied a lot of different combustibles and oxidants, recommended using fuel fumes: oxygen with hydrocarbons or hydrogen Tsiolkovsky Konstantin Eduardovich. His inventions include a scheme of a gas turbine engine. In addition, in 1927 he published a diagram and the theory of an air-cushion train. For the first time he proposed the chassis, which are put forward at the bottom of the hull, namely Tsiolkovsky Konstantin Eduardovich. What he invented, you now know. Airship and space flights are the main problems that the scientist devoted his entire life to.

In Kaluga, there is the Museum of the History of Cosmonautics named after this scientist, in which one can learn a lot, including about such an outstanding figure of science as Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. The photo of the museum building is presented above. In conclusion, I would like to quote one phrase. Its author is Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. Quotations are known to many, and this, perhaps, you know. "The planet is the cradle of reason, but one can not live forever in the cradle," Tsiolkovsky once said. Today this statement is at the entrance to the park named after. Tsiolkovsky (Kaluga), where the scientist is buried.