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MHK is ... World art culture. MHK: the Renaissance

It is difficult not to agree with the extent to which art plays an important role in the history of any period. Judge for yourself: at the lessons of history at school, after each topic devoted to studying the political and economic situation in the world in this or that time period, students are encouraged to prepare reports on the art of this era.

Also in the school course from a relatively recent time there is such an object as the MHC. This is absolutely not accidental, because any work of art is one of the brightest reflections of the time in which it was created, and allows you to look at the world history through the eyes of the creator who gave this work life.

Definition of culture

World art culture, or abbreviated MHC, is a kind of public culture based on the imaginative and creative reproduction of society and people, as well as living and inanimate nature through the means used by professional art and folk art culture. They are also phenomena and processes of spiritual practical activity that creates, disseminates and assimilates material objects and works of art that have aesthetic value. World art culture includes a pictorial, sculptural, architectural heritage and monuments of decorative and applied art, as well as the diversity of the works created by the people and its individual representatives.

Role of the MHC as an academic subject

In the course of studying the course of the world artistic culture, both broad integration and understanding of the connection of culture primarily with the historical events of any time interval, as well as with the social sciences, is envisaged.

As it was mentioned before, the world art culture covers all the artistic activity that a person has ever dealt with. This literature, theater, music, art. All processes connected with creation and storage, as well as with the dissemination, creation and evaluation of cultural heritage are studied. Do not stay aside and the problems associated with ensuring the further cultural life of society and the training in universities of specialists of relevant qualifications.

As an academic subject, the MHC is an appeal to the entire artistic culture, and not to its individual species.

The concept of the cultural era

The cultural epoch, or the cultural paradigm, is a complex multifactor phenomenon that contains the image of a specific person living at a particular time and carrying out its activities, as well as communities of people with the same everyday life, mood and thinking, and a system of values.

Cultural paradigms succeed each other as a result of a kind of natural-cultural selection through the interaction of traditional and innovative components that art carries. The MHC as a training course aims to study these processes.

What is the Renaissance

One of the most significant periods of the development of culture is the Renaissance, or Renaissance, which dominated the XIII-XVI centuries. And marked the advent of the era of modern times. The sphere of artistic creativity has undergone the greatest influence.

After the era of decline in the Middle Ages, art blossoms, and ancient artistic wisdom revives. It is at this time and in the meaning of "revival" that the Italian word rinascita is used, and later there are numerous analogues in European languages, including the French Renaissance. All artistic creativity, primarily visual art, becomes a universal "language", which allows you to learn the secrets of nature and to approach it. The master reproduces nature not conditionally, but strives for maximum naturalness, trying to surpass the Almighty. The development of the familiar feeling of beauty begins, the natural sciences and the knowledge of God all the time find common ground. In the Renaissance, art becomes both a laboratory and a temple.

Periodization

The revival is divided into several time intervals. In Italy - in the homeland of the Renaissance - several periods were singled out, which for a long time were used throughout the world. This is the Protorenaissance (1260-1320 gg.), Partly entering the Ducento period (XIII century). In addition, there were periods of tretento (XIV century), quattrocento (XV century), Cinquecento (XVI century).

More general periodization divides the era into the Early Renaissance (XIV-XV centuries). At this time, there is an interaction of new trends with Gothic, which is creatively transformed. Next come the periods of the Middle, or High, and Late Renaissance, a special place in which is given Mannerism, characterized by the crisis of the humanistic culture of the Renaissance.

Also in countries such as France and Holland, the so-called Northern Renaissance develops , where the late Gothic plays an enormous role. As the history of the MHC says, the Renaissance was reflected in Eastern Europe: the Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, and also in Scandinavian countries. Spain, Great Britain and Portugal have become countries with an original Renaissance culture.

Philosophical and religious components of the Renaissance

Through the reflections of such representatives of the philosophy of this period as Giordano Bruno, Nikolai Cusan, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola and Paracelsus, the themes of spiritual creativity become actual in the MHC, as well as the struggle for the right to call an individual a "second god" and to associate a person with it.

Actually, as in all times, the problem of consciousness and personality, faith in God and higher powers. There are both compromise-moderate and heretical views on this issue.

A person faces a choice, and the reform of the church of this time implies the Renaissance not only within the MHC. It is also a revival of the morality of man, propagated through speeches of figures of all religious faiths: from the founders of the Reformation to the Jesuits.

The main task of the era. A few words about humanism

At the heart of the Renaissance is the upbringing of a new man. The Latin word humanitas, from which the word "humanism" originated, is the equivalent of the Greek word "upbringing".

Within the framework of the Renaissance, humanism calls on a person to master the important for that time ancient wisdom and find a way to self-knowledge and self-improvement. Here, the merge of all the best that could have been offered by other periods that left their mark on the MHC. The Renaissance took ancient heritage of antiquity, religiosity and secular code of honor of the Middle Ages, creative energy and the human mind of the New Time, creating an absolutely new and seemingly perfect type of worldview.

Renaissance in various spheres of human artistic activity

During this period, illusory-naturopodobnye pictures oust icons, becoming the center of innovation. Actively written landscapes, household paintings, portrait. Printed engraving on metal and wood is distributed. Work sketches of artists are becoming an independent kind of creativity. Picture illusiveness is also present in monumental painting.

In architecture, under the influence of architects' enthusiasm, proportional churches, palaces and architectural ensembles are becoming popular centric, making emphasis on terrestrial, centrally perspective-organized horizontals.

The literature of the Renaissance is characterized by a love of Latin as a language of educated people, adjacent to national and folk languages. Popular genres such as the picaresque novel and the urban novel, heroic poems and novels of medieval adventurous knightly themes, satire, pastoral and love lyrics become popular. At the peak of the popularity of the drama, theaters stage performances with an abundance of city festivals and lush court extravaganzas, becoming a product for colorful syntheses of various arts.

In music there is a flowering of a strict musical polyphony. Complication of compositional techniques, the appearance of the first forms of sonatas, operas, suites, oratories and overtures. Secular music, close to folklore, is on par with religious music. There is a separation of instrumental music in a separate view, and the peak of the era is the creation of full-fledged solo songs, operas and oratorios. In place of the temple comes the opera house, which took the place of the center of musical culture.

In general, the main breakthrough is that once medieval anonymity is replaced by individual, author's creativity. In this regard, the world artistic culture passes to a fundamentally new level.

Titanium Renaissance

It is not surprising that such a fundamental revival of art in fact from the ashes could not take place without those people who created their creations with a new culture. Later they were called "Titans" for the contribution they made.

Protorenaissance personified Giotto, and during the quattrocento period confronting each other constructively strict Masaccio and intimate lyrical works of Botticelli and Angelico.

The Middle, or High, Renaissance was represented by Rafael, Michelangelo and, of course, Leonardo da Vinci - artists who became iconic at the turn of the New Age.

Famous architects of the Renaissance were Bramante, Brunelleschi and Palladio. Bruegel the Elder, Bosch and Van Eyck are painters of the Dutch Renaissance. Holbein the Younger, Durer, Cranach the Elder became the founders of the German Renaissance.

The literature of this period remembers the names of such titanic masters as Shakespeare, Petrarch, Cervantes, Rabelais, who gave the world a lyric, a novel and a drama, and also contributed to the formation of the literary languages of their countries.

Undoubtedly, the Renaissance era contributed to the development of many trends in art and gave impetus to the creation of new ones. It is not known what the history of the world artistic culture would be if there were no such period. Perhaps classical art today would not cause such admiration, most trends in literature, music and painting in general would not exist. And maybe everything that we are accustomed to associate with classical art would have appeared, but for many years or even centuries later. Whatever the course of events, history does not tolerate a subjunctive mood. And one thing is obvious: even today we admire the works of this era, and this once again proves its importance in the cultural life of society.

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