System of indicators of economic systems: analysis and reflection of economic processes

The processes that are taking place around us change the world. To assess them, the system of indicators of economic systems is used. What is it? What is its specific use?

general information

The use of analysis tools and statistical methods is carried out in order to determine both individual phenomena in the economy and the entire sphere of economic life. The basis for the work are numbers. But it should be understood that the system of indicators of economic analysis considers numbers not abstractly, but as indicators. In other words, generalizing data are considered. Thanks to them, it is possible to find reflection of certain economic processes and phenomena. And they are not disjointed, but are connected with each other. And indicators that act as a characterizing basis, also form a unified system. They are necessary to explain a large number of economic issues. So, thanks to the system concept, it is possible to calculate unknown elements, using only a part of the available information.

What is covered?

The system of indicators of economic analysis covers all levels of the economic life of society: macro (countries, regions) and micro (enterprises, firms, associations, families, households). Of the tasks that are of interest in the Russian Federation, we can recall:

1. Interrelation of the configuration of the device functioning of the economy.
2. Definition of paramount objectives.
3. Establishment of a system of indicators that are needed to conduct analysis at the regional and federal level.
4. Argumentation of modern approaches to the organization of statistical information.
5. The development of a set of methods based on the content of research.

All this has such features:

1. The methods used are constantly being improved.
2. The fixed data is of a historical nature. So, when the conditions for the existence of the population change, there is an increase or a drop in indicators.

This makes it possible to judge the perspective on the current state of affairs and on the basis of past development moments. And the system of socio-economic indicators allows you to reflect the most likely prospect for the population. Also it allows to provide the highest readiness at the decision of occurrence of problems, and even to not admit, that they were.

Classification

The system of economic efficiency indicators can use as a support a number of factors that can be conditionally combined into several groups. According to their coverage of individual units, among the aggregate:

1. Individual statistical indicators. Used to characterize individual units.
2. Summary statistical indicators. Calculated by summing the values from item # 1.
3. Estimated statistical indicators. They are searched through a variety of formulas and are aimed at solving various analytical issues.

The system of indicators of economic systems can also use the temporary factor as a basis:

1. Instantaneous values. They are fixed and fixed on a specific date.
2. Interval values. They are set for a certain period of time.

The system of indicators of economic systems, depending on the wording, can be represented:

1. Absolute values. It is necessary to characterize the unconditional values of economic processes and phenomena in order to reflect their changes.
2. Relative values. The level of achievement of equilibrium between different quantitative characteristics is shown.
3. The average statistical indicator. This is the name of the generalized characteristic of properties in a certain aggregate, under specific circumstances, place and time.

Who collects information?

The system of economic indicators of the enterprise requires that the most accurate and correct data be presented. This is the responsibility of the state statistics bodies. Primary data are initially collected. Then the accounting and statistical reporting is formed. Sample surveys can be conducted. In general, the data collected within the framework of accounting is brought into line with the ongoing requests for economic statistics. There is an established system in which modern means of communication and computer technologies are widely used.

Specificity

The main indicators of the economic system of interest are quantitative characteristics. Thanks to them, you can carefully study the phenomena and processes, creating criteria for the subsequent separation of the data set into homogeneous groups. Due to this, it can be said that what has the greatest importance and specific weight. Thus, in the Russian Federation, in the total aggregate of exports, the group of raw materials has the greatest weight. Then come semi-finished products. After them - finished products of low technological level. And the least, which is very sad, is high-tech goods and services. In the president's speech, which took place at the end of 2016, it was announced that their value in quantitative terms was just under $ 20 billion. Quite good, if you do not take into account that the market value of high-tech goods and services is more than three and a half trillion! And the increase in the total share of exports is not so much at the expense of growth, but because of the reduction in other components due to sanctions and unfavorable economic conditions.

Grouping

But we have moved away from the main topic of the article. A single system of economic indicators allows you to organize data and make it easier to work with them. Thanks to this, we can say that accounting and statistics have bilateral relations. This can be asserted, if only because there are many mutually agreed and interrelated indicators that describe the main processes. Based on this property, you can work on the formation of subsystems.

Features of counting

The system of economic indicators of the enterprise, industry, region and country is based on statistical indicators. So at the same time they call both specific digital information and the definition of content (elements) that are included in it. The degree of accuracy and reliability depends on a number of reasons. This is the complexity of the phenomena studied, the differences in characteristics, the various individual processing requirements, and so on. It is also necessary to take certain measures that will help to avoid the assumption of systematic errors. Then the system of indicators of economic development will be able to give accurate and necessary data that will help in the fulfillment of the set goals. Although no one is immune from accidental mistakes. They are most often encountered when selective methods of observation are used.

Nominated requirements

In order for the system of indicators of economic systems to work with maximum efficiency from it it is necessary:

1. All-encompassing character. In other words, it should extend to all working moments of the economic process. That is, all business entities, operations performed by them and everything else should be taken into account.
2. If the indicators relate to different areas of action, then they should be mutually agreed at the methodological level. That is, it is necessary to take care of the absence of contradictions in definitions, classifications and concepts.

Any system of this type is a hierarchical structure. Let's look at a small example. There is a system of economic indicators of the organization - a limited liability company. It is the basis for data collection. As you rise up, a generalization takes place and a data pyramid is built. At the very top is such a macroeconomic indicator as the SNA. It consists of subsystems, which are the consequence of de / composition (this depends on where to look). And between the different blocks, a link is established to improve the effectiveness of in-depth analysis.

The main indicator used

How can the performance of the economy be described? In many countries, as well as in a number of international organizations, gross domestic product (GDP) is used for this purpose . It is used to compare the result, to calculate the productivity of labor and a number of other indicators, which makes it possible to judge economic efficiency. GDP also allows you to judge the activity of residents in a certain country for a specific period. It also represents the gross value of goods and services that were created and provided for a range of time minus their cost in terms of intermediate consumption.

Reflection of economic processes

This is possible due to certain indicators. But which one? Here are the most significant:

1. Primary income. These are the means received from indirect and direct participation in economic activity: profit, wages, interest, rent, dividends and so on.
2. Income from property. This includes funds that receive or pay institutional units for the use of assets such as land, patents, licenses.
3. Gross profit. This is part of the added value that remains with the manufacturer after the amount of expenses is deducted, which is related to the payment of salaried employees, imports and net taxes.
4. Net profit. This is a macroeconomic indicator. It is the difference between the gross profit of the entire economic sphere and consumption of fixed capital.

Narrowing the frame

The indicators considered earlier play an important role in the analysis due to generalization. Now let's talk about what we meet with when we go through the details:

1. Disposable income. It is the means by which the institutional unit has its own, and what can be directed towards final consumption and saving.
2. Disposable national income. This is all that was created and used inside the country, as well as net transfers from abroad like donations, donations and humanitarian aid. This indicator is used to represent how much the residents of the country can use for their consumer spending or hide them for a rainy day in the form of savings.
3. Gross national disposable income. It is equal to GDP, but we need to add (or subtract) the net balance that occurs between a particular country and the rest of the world. This indicator shows the quantitative size of income, savings and consumption level, which is necessary for the further development of the economy and the growth of national wealth.
4. Saving. Well, how not to remember this important indicator, which is not taken into account when using services and goods. They are formed as a difference between existing incomes and expenditures, provided that the first indicator is large in quantitative terms.

Conclusion

So, summing up all of the above, I would like to note once again how important the system of indicators of economic systems in terms of analysis and reflection of economic processes. It is necessary to take care that the methods and approaches used are constantly improved along with the tools that are used. Then, as the result of the analysis improves, more effective decisions can be made. And this will improve the economic situation both in the whole country, and in certain regions, regions and even enterprises! Everyone can benefit from this, which can not but rejoice. The only thing that grieves - is that it is extremely slow, and you can compare the situation only on decades and centuries of time.